Home / Sources
Reference

Sources

hypochlorousacid.net is funded and produced by HOCL LLC, which sells machines that make HOCl; it does not sell bottled HOCl. Who funds this site

Every factual statement on this site traces to an entry here. Affiliations are flagged.

hypochlorousacid.net Editorial TeamWritten by the editorial team

Entries are grouped by the question they inform. Where an author works for, or a test solution came from, a company that makes or uses these products, the entry says so.

Government sources

  • CDC 2008. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 guideline, section “Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds” (PDF pp. 41–42). www.cdc.gov, checked Nov 11, 2026. Used on: Home, Chemistry, Available chlorine, Shelf life, Mixing, Corrosion, Is HOCl the same as bleach?
  • CDC household bleach page (household ratio and typical bleach strength). www.cdc.gov, checked Nov 11, 2026. Used on: Cost, Available chlorine, Shelf life.
  • Washington State DOH (state government), bleach mixing page. doh.wa.gov, checked Nov 11, 2026. Used on: Mixing.
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.6.A, U.S. average residential retail price, August 2026 (released Oct 23, 2026). www.eia.gov, checked Nov 11, 2026. Used on: Cost.

pH and speciation

  • Len 2000. J Food Prot 63:1534. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-63.11.1534. PMID 11079696. University of Georgia.
  • Fukuzaki 2006 (review). Biocontrol Sci 11:147. doi:10.4265/bio.11.147. PMID 17190269. Okayama Prefecture technology center.

Strength and equal-ppm test designs

  • Naka 2020. PeerJ 8:e8593. doi:10.7717/peerj.8593. PMID 32110494. Affiliation: a co-author is employed by Toyotomi Co.
  • Quan 2010. Int J Food Microbiol 136:255. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.11.005. PMID 20004034.
  • Hitomi 1998. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 72:1176. doi:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.72.1176. PMID 9884502.
  • Takimoto 2013. Exp Anim 62:237. doi:10.1538/expanim.62.237. PMID 23903059. Note: the acidified test solution was made by a commercial device (HSP Corp.); no maker authors.
  • Yang 2021. Foodborne Pathog Dis 18:192. doi:10.1089/fpd.2020.2811. PMID 33121277. Affiliation: one author affiliation is a food company (Jiangsu Ecolovo), not a solution maker.
  • Moorman 2017. Appl Environ Microbiol 83:e00653-17. doi:10.1128/AEM.00653-17. PMID 28600317. Funded by USDA-NIFA.

Acidified bleach

  • Oie 2011. Biol Pharm Bull 34:1325. doi:10.1248/bpb.34.1325. PMID 21804226.
  • Perez 2005. Am J Infect Control 33:320. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.240. PMID 16061137.
  • Frazer 2013. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40:601. doi:10.1007/s10295-013-1257-7. PMID 23532317. Affiliation: authors employed by Bayer, a pharmaceutical company that uses these solutions rather than making them.
  • Sil 2025. BMC Microbiol 25:101. doi:10.1186/s12866-025-03831-w. PMID 40021972.

Storage

  • Len 2002. J Agric Food Chem 50:209. doi:10.1021/jf010822v. PMID 11754569.
  • Takeda 2021. Vol. 19, p. 448 (journal title omitted here; see the DOI). doi:10.2166/wh.2021.260. PMID 34152297.
  • Gow 2022. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 61:181. doi:10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000080. PMID 35109965.
  • Kameda 2022. Dent Mater J 41:167. doi:10.4012/dmj.2021-146. PMID 34690228. (Also used on Corrosion.)

Corrosion

  • Bryant 2026. Pathogens 15:645. doi:10.3390/pathogens15060645. PMID 42347257. Funded by USDA, a state trust fund and NSF. Note: the authors co-founded a prion-diagnostics company, not a solution maker.
  • Dong 2003. Dent Mater J 22:482. doi:10.4012/dmj.22.482. PMID 15005226.

Odor and irritation (no HOCl comparison available)

  • Stubbs 2023. Environ Sci Process Impacts 25:56. doi:10.1039/d2em00405d. PMID 36602445. Bleach cleaning only; no HOCl-solution arm.
  • Hostynek 1990. Contact Dermatitis 23:316. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb05165.x. PMID 1965715. Alkaline sodium hypochlorite only.
  • Kameda 2024. Urol Int 108:377. doi:10.1159/000538758. PMID 38615666. Sodium hypochlorite vs ethanol; no HOCl arm.

Prices and product facts (Cost page, all checked Nov 11, 2026)